Limited systemic sclerosis (also known as CREST syndrome) is a type of scleroderma, a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects the connective tissue of the body. It is characterized by the presence of calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. Symptoms of limited systemic sclerosis may include joint pain, fatigue, skin thickening, and difficulty swallowing. Treatment typically involves medications to reduce inflammation and improve circulation, as well as lifestyle changes to reduce stress and improve overall health.

The most common symptoms of limited systemic sclerosis (also known as CREST syndrome) include:

- Raynaud's phenomenon (cold, tingling, and/or painful fingers and toes)

- Calcinosis (calcium deposits in the skin)

- Esophageal dysmotility (difficulty swallowing)

- Sclerodactyly (thickening and tightening of the skin on the fingers and toes)

- Telangiectasia (dilated blood vessels on the face and hands)

- Pulmonary hypertension (High blood pressure in the lungs)

- Gastrointestinal problems (such as constipation, diarrhea, and bloating)

- Fatigue

- Joint pain

- Muscle weakness

- Dry eyes and mouth

- Hair loss

The exact cause of limited systemic sclerosis is unknown. However, researchers believe that it may be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Possible triggers include infections, medications, and exposure to certain chemicals.

1. Medications:

- Immunosuppressants: These medications help reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system. Examples include methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, and mycophenolate mofetil.

- Corticosteroids: These medications help reduce inflammation and can be used to treat skin and joint symptoms. Examples include prednisone and methylprednisolone.

- Antimalarials: These medications can help reduce skin symptoms and improve joint pain. Examples include hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine.

- Biologics: These medications target specific parts of the immune system and can help reduce inflammation. Examples include etanercept and infliximab.

2. Physical Therapy: Physical therapy can help improve joint mobility and reduce pain.

3. Occupational Therapy

1. Female gender
2. Age (usually between 30 and 50)
3. Family history of scleroderma
4. Exposure to certain environmental toxins
5. Smoking
6. Certain medications
7. Infections
8. Autoimmune diseases
9. Raynaud's phenomenon

There is no cure for limited systemic sclerosis, but medications can help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. Medications used to treat limited systemic sclerosis include immunosuppressants, such as cyclophosphamide and methotrexate, and biologics, such as rituximab and tocilizumab. Other medications, such as antispasmodics, calcium channel blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, may also be used to help manage symptoms.