Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a type of kidney disease that affects the glomeruli, which are the tiny filters in the kidneys that help to remove waste and excess fluid from the blood. FSGS causes scarring of the glomeruli, which can lead to proteinuria (excess protein in the urine), hypertension (high blood pressure), and kidney failure. Treatment for FSGS typically involves medications to control blood pressure and reduce proteinuria, as well as lifestyle changes such as reducing salt intake and increasing physical activity. In some cases, a kidney transplant may be necessary.

The most common symptoms of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) include:

-High blood pressure
-Swelling in the face, hands, feet, and abdomen
-Foamy urine
-Protein in the urine
-Fatigue
-Weight loss
-Itching
-Decreased appetite
-Nausea
-Vomiting
-Muscle cramps
-Headache
-Decreased kidney function

The exact cause of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is unknown. However, it is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Possible causes include:

• Genetic mutations: Certain genetic mutations may increase the risk of FSGS.

• Viral infections: Viral infections, such as HIV, may increase the risk of FSGS.

• Medications: Certain medications, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and antibiotics, may increase the risk of FSGS.

• Kidney damage: Damage to the kidneys, such as from high blood pressure or diabetes, may increase the risk of FSGS.

• Immune system disorders: Disorders of the immune system, such as lupus or HIV, may increase the risk of FSGS.

1. Medications: Corticosteroids, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and immunosuppressants are commonly used to reduce inflammation and slow the progression of FSGS.

2. Diet: A low-salt, low-protein diet may help reduce the amount of protein in the urine.

3. Dialysis: Dialysis may be necessary if kidney function is severely impaired.

4. Kidney transplant: A kidney transplant may be necessary if kidney function is severely impaired and dialysis is not an option.

1. Genetic predisposition
2. Hypertension
3. Diabetes
4. Obesity
5. African American ethnicity
6. Use of certain medications, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
7. Infections, such as HIV or hepatitis C
8. Exposure to certain toxins, such as lead or cadmium
9. Autoimmune diseases, such as lupus or IgA nephropathy

There is no cure for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Treatment focuses on controlling the symptoms and preventing further damage to the kidneys. Medications used to treat FSGS include angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), diuretics, and immunosuppressants. Other treatments may include dietary changes, dialysis, and kidney transplantation.