Encephalocele is a rare birth defect in which a portion of the brain and the surrounding membranes protrude through an opening in the skull. It is caused by a failure of the neural tube to close properly during fetal development. Symptoms vary depending on the size and location of the encephalocele, but may include seizures, developmental delays, and physical deformities. Treatment typically involves surgical repair of the defect.

Symptoms of encephalocele can vary depending on the size and location of the defect. Common symptoms include:

- Bulging of the skull
- Swelling of the head
- Abnormal facial features
- Seizures
- Developmental delays
- Hydrocephalus (excess fluid in the brain)
- Vision and hearing problems
- Weakness or Paralysis of the face, arms, or legs
- Difficulty swallowing
- Difficulty speaking
- Difficulty breathing

Encephalocele is a rare birth defect caused by a failure of the neural tube to close properly during fetal development. It is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including exposure to certain medications, infections, and toxins during pregnancy. Other possible causes include chromosomal abnormalities, nutritional deficiencies, and certain medical conditions.

The treatment for encephalocele depends on the size and location of the defect. Treatment may include surgery to close the defect and repair any damage to the brain or spinal cord. In some cases, a shunt may be placed to drain excess fluid from the brain. Other treatments may include physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy. In some cases, medications may be prescribed to help manage symptoms.

1. Genetic factors: Certain genetic conditions, such as neural tube defects, can increase the risk of encephalocele.

2. Maternal health: Women who have diabetes, are obese, or have a history of drug or alcohol abuse may be at higher risk of having a baby with encephalocele.

3. Medications: Certain medications, such as valproic acid, taken during pregnancy may increase the risk of encephalocele.

4. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as lead, may increase the risk of encephalocele.

5. Family history: Having a family history of encephalocele may increase the risk of the condition.

There is no cure for encephalocele, but treatment is available to help manage the condition. Treatment may include medications to reduce swelling, antibiotics to prevent infection, and surgery to repair the defect. In some cases, a shunt may be placed to help drain excess fluid from the brain.